The inevitable fallibility of policing

The fallibility of certainty.

An old-timer physician of New York, who was forever questioning the methods and purpose of his colleagues, concluded a Grand Rounds in his department with the observation, “No patient is in real danger until all his doctors agree on his diagnosis.” Those of us at the session dutifully applauded and laughed, left the meeting, but never forgot his perceptive warning. We all crave certainty, yet s...

RUNNING HEAD: FLEXIBILITY AND FALLIBILITY OF MEMORY On the Flexibility and the Fallibility of Associative Memory

The authors report the results of four experiments that explored the flexibility and fallibility of associative recognition memory. In each experiment, pairs were studied one or more times, and the task was to discriminate intact from rearranged pairs. The critical findings are that the pattern of false-alarm rates were dependent on the nature of the recognition procedure (e.g., ratings versus ...

The fallibility of HIV western blot.

Fallibility in estimating direct effects.

We use causal graphs and a partly hypothetical example from the Physicians' Health Study to explain why a common standard method for quantifying direct effects (i.e. stratifying on the intermediate variable) may be flawed. Estimating direct effects without bias requires that two assumptions hold, namely the absence of unmeasured confounding for (1) exposure and outcome, and (2) the intermediate...

The Fallibility or Infallibility of the Propositions of the Qur’ān and the Testaments

One of the most important foundations of knowing and interpreting the Qur’ān, the Torah, and the Gospel is the belief in the infallibility and impeccability of the words and propositions of these divine scriptures. If the verses and statements of the noble Qur’ān and the Testaments during the revelation era and the ensuing times have been afflicted with distortion and contradiction, then they c...